Ubuntu: Difference between revisions
→Mount VMDK file
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UUID=467A89307A891DB5 /VM ntfs defaults 0 2
/mnt/folderonyourcomp / cifs username=aman,password=cisco,domain=yourdomain 0 2
===== NFS Mount =====
Source: [https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-an-nfs-mount-on-ubuntu-16-04 digitalocean.com]
{{notice|This section needs to be tested.}}
;On Server side:
Installation
sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server
*Make a share directory called nfs:
sudo mkdir /var/nfs/general -p
*NFS will translate any root operations on the client to the nobody:nogroup credentials as a security measure.
*Therefore change the directory ownership to match those credentials:
sudo chown nobody:nogroup /var/nfs/general
*For /home do not change permissions, else it will break down the system.
*Configuring the NFS Exports
sudo nano /etc/exports
/var/nfs/general 203.0.113.256(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)
/home 203.0.113.256(rw,sync,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)
'''rw:''' This option gives the client computer both read and write access to the volume.
'''sync:''' This option forces NFS to write changes to disk before replying. This results in a more stable and consistent environment since the reply reflects the actual state of the remote volume. However, it also reduces the speed of file operations.
'''no_subtree_check:''' This option prevents subtree checking, which is a process where the host must check whether the file is actually still available in the exported tree for every request. This can cause many problems when a file is renamed while the client has it opened. In almost all cases, it is better to disable subtree checking.
'''no_root_squash:''' By default, NFS translates requests from a root user remotely into a non-privileged user on the server. This was intended as security feature to prevent a root account on the client from using the file system of the host as root. no_root_squash disables this behavior for certain shares.
Restart NFS
sudo systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server
;On Client side:
sudo apt-get install nfs-common
*Edit fstab file:
sudo nano /etc/fstab
10.10.1.30:/home/cores /mnt/cores/ nfs auto,noatime,nolock,bg,nfsvers=3,intr,tcp
*Test the mount:
sudo mount -a
==== Different ways to disable IPv6 for network efficiency====
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How do I go about putting my settings back to default for eth1?
sudo wondershaper clear eth1
==== XRDP on Ubuntu Server ====
Source: [http://c-nergy.be/blog/?p=9433 c-nergy.be]
Additional Packages:
sudo apt-get install x11-xkb-utils
sudo apt-get install pkg-config
Installing Mate Desktop Environment:
sudo apt-get install mate-core mate-desktop-environment mate-notification-daemon
Installing XRDP Paackage:
sudo apt-get install xrdp
sudo sed -i.bak '/fi/a #xrdp multiple users configuration \n mate-session \n' /etc/xrdp/startwm.sh
sudo systemctl restart xrdp
==== Samba for Windows Sharing ====
Installation:
sudo apt-get install samba
Set a password for your user in Samba
sudo smbpasswd -a <user_name>
Backup current config file:
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf ~
Edit smb.conf file:
sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf
[My Files]
Comment = USB Drive on Rpi
path = /media/usbdrive
#valid users = testuser
read only = no
Browseable = yes
Writeable = Yes
only guest = no
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
Public = yes
Guest ok = yes
Restart the samba:
sudo service smbd restart
Check your smb.conf for any syntax errors
testparm
To access your network share
sudo apt-get install smbclient
List all shares:
smbclient -L //<HOST_IP_OR_NAME>/<folder_name> -U <user>
Connect:
smbclient //<HOST_IP_OR_NAME>/<folder_name> -U <user>
==== Networking in 17.10 onwards ====
*NetPlan replaces the static interfaces (/etc/network/interfaces) file.
*Now you must use /etc/netplan/*.yaml to configure Ubuntu interfaces.
*The new interfaces configuration file now live in the /etc/netplan directory.
*A file called 01-netcfg.yaml is used to configured the first interface.
;Below is the default configuration for a interface using DHCP:
<pre>
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
ens33:
dhcp4: yes
dhcp6: yes
</pre>
To save your changes, you run the commands below.
sudo netplan apply
;Configuring Static IP Addresses
To configure a static IP address using the new NetPlan tool, the file should look like this:
<pre>
network:
version: 2
renderer: networkd
ethernets:
ens33:
dhcp4: no
dhcp6: no
addresses: [192.168.1.2/24]
gateway4: 192.168.1.1
nameservers:
addresses: [8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4]
</pre>
Exit and save your changes by running the commands below
sudo netplan apply
===== Networking Service =====
Restarting Networking Service:
sudo systemctl restart networking
sudo systemctl restart networking.service
To verify status:
sudo systemctl status networking.service
===== IP Traffic Forwarding =====
Enable IPv4 Forwarding:
# sudo su
# echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
Verify:
# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
1
Make the change persistent:
# sysctl -a | grep ip_forward
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 ==> Copy this line
# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 ==> Paste it at the end of this file
IPtables rules:
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ens192 -j MASQUERADE
iptables -A FORWARD -i ens193 -o ens192 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -i ens193 -o ens192 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables-save
===Software Centre===
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|}
=== Beep ===
beep -f 200 -d 1 -r 5 -n -f 300 -d 10 -r 4 -n -f 400 -d 10 -r 3
beep -f 784 -l 600
Line 518 ⟶ 690:
beep -f 659 -l 460 -n -f 784 -l 340 -n -f 659 -l 230 -n -f 659 -l 110 -n -f 880 -l 230 -n -f 659 -l 230 -n -f 587 -l 230 -n -f 659 -l 460 -n -f 988 -l 340 -n -f 659 -l 230 -n -f 659 -l 110 -n -f 1047-l 230 -n -f 988 -l 230 -n -f 784 -l 230 -n -f 659 -l 230 -n -f 988 -l 230 -n -f 1318 -l 230 -n -f 659 -l 110 -n -f 587 -l 230 -n -f 587 -l 110 -n -f 494 -l 230 -n -f 740 -l 230 -n -f 659 -l 460
</pre>
=== Optimize ===
* Remove language related ign from apt-get update:
sudo nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/00aptitude
Add the following line at the end of this file:
Acquire::Languages "none";
* Reduce overheating:
You don’t need to do anything after installing TLP. It works in the background.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install tlp tlp-rdw
sudo tlp start
* Install CPUFREQ indicator, Restart your computer and use the Powersave mode in it:
sudo apt-get install indicator-cpufreq
If using Gnome, then goto https://extensions.gnome.org & install extensions.
* Install preload to speed up application load time, restart your computer and forget about it. It will be working in the background:
sudo apt-get install preload
* Manage startup applications
Open Startup Applications & select applications that can be delayed in startup.
Add '''sleep 10;''' in all application commands which you want to delay:
For example, for Dropbox:
dropbox start -i
Changes to
sleep 20; drobox start -i
* This command lists services started at boot-time:
service --status-all
* If you have systemd, use this command to find the services that run at boot time:
sudo systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled
* Check If Your Hard Drive Is Overworking
sudo apt install iotop
* Use Bootchart to find out slow services/processes:
systemd-analyze time
systemd-analyze blame
systemd-analyze plot > bootchart.svg
* Slow boot due to nonexistent swap partition [https://askubuntu.com/questions/1030867/ubuntu-18-04-how-to-diagnose-fix-very-slow-boot askubuntu.com]:
At some point during the upgrade, the initramfs config was modified, adding a line pointing to a nonexistent swap partition.
The slow boot was because it was looking for this partition and then timing out after 30 seconds.
sudo nano /etc/default/grub
Add '''noresume''' to the below line:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash noresume"
sudo update-grub
sudo reboot
===Miscellaneous===
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==== Sharing files in an easy manner ====
File sharing with Samba or NFS is easy once it is set up on both computers. What about file transfer to another computer on the network without the need for setting up software? If the file size is small it can be emailed. In the event of the computers being in the same room and USB devices being used on both, you can use a USB flash drive. The other option is Woof. This is a Python script that can run on any Linux (or similar) computer. You can download the script from the homepage at http://www.home.unix-ag.org/
./woof /path/to/myfile
==== Most common user Commands ====
history | awk '{print $2}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -10
==== Cleanup old Kernel files ====
dpkg --list | grep linux-image | awk '{ print $2 }' | sort -V | sed -n '/'`uname -r`'/q;p' | xargs sudo apt-get -y purge
Modified version to remove both images & headers:
echo $(dpkg --list | grep linux-image | awk '{ print $2 }' | sort -V | sed -n '/'`uname -r`'/q;p') $(dpkg --list | grep linux-headers | awk '{ print $2 }' | sort -V | sed -n '/'"$(uname -r | sed "s/\([0-9.-]*\)-\([^0-9]\+\)/\1/")"'/q;p') | xargs sudo apt-get -y purge
==== FIGlet ====
Source: [http://www.shellhacks.com/en/Creating-ASCII-Text-Banners-from-the-Linux-Command-Line shellhacks.com]
Install and run FIGlet
sudo apt-get install figlet
figlet "Shell Hacks"
Change Fonts
figlet -f digital "Shell Hacks"
If you would prefer centered output
figlet -c "Shell Hacks"
Print a list of available FIGlet fonts :
showfigfonts
You can also download and use additional FIGlet fonts:
http://www.figlet.org/fontdb.cgi
wget http://www.figlet.org/fonts/univers.flf
figlet -f univers.flf "lol"
To display the output of a command, pipe the cmd:
date +%r | figlet -f bubble
Copy-Paste the output of this file to below file(create it if it is not present):
/etc/motd
You can alter the complete MOTD message from below files:
/etc/update-motd.d/
==== Mount VMDK file ====
Source: [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22327728/mounting-vmdk-disk-image stackoverflow.com]
Installation:
sudo apt install libguestfs-tools
Check Disks & partitions
sudo lsblk
Create Mount point:
sudo mkdir /mnt/vmdk
Mount the VMDK Image:
sudo guestmount -a pro_nlb_avi-se-02old-disk1.vmdk -m /dev/sda3 --ro /mnt/vmdk
cd /mnt/vmdk
Unmount the image:
sudo guestunmount /mnt/vmdk
==== Thumbnails for Media ====
Install Thumbnail applications
sudo apt install ffmpegthumbnailer
sudo apt install gstreamer1.0-libav
Clear the cache
rm -r ~/.cache/thumbnails/fail
Or
rm -rf ~/.cache/thumbnails/*
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